|
The Siege of Trsat ((クロアチア語:Opsada Trsata)) was a battle fought over possession of the town of Trsat ((ラテン語:Tarsatica))〔The city of Tarsatica, where the siege happened, was probably located at the present Old Town in Rijeka, not at Trsat itself, which is found on a hill overlooking Rijeka on the other side of the Rječina River. Trsat was actually founded by the Tarsatica's surviving inhabitants, a year after the siege. (Croatian Academy of America. ''Journal of Croatian studies'' (1986), Vol. 27–30)〕 in Liburnia, near the Croatian–Frankish border.〔Scholz 1970, p. 191〕 The battle was fought in the autumn of 799 between the defending forces of the Dalmatian Croatia under the leadership of Croatian duke Višeslav and the invading Frankish army of the Carolingian Empire led by Eric of Friuli.〔 The battle was a Croatian victory, and the Frankish commander Eric was killed during the siege.〔〔〔Žic 2001, p. 18〕 The Frankish invasion of Croatia, the destruction of Tarsatica, the coronation of Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor, and negotiations from 802–815 between the Franks and Byzantines led to a stalemate. The Dalmatian Croatia consequently peacefully accepted a limited Frankish overlordship.〔Dzino 2010, p. 183〕 ==Background== Charlemagne, King of the Franks from 768 until his death in 814, expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of western and central Europe.〔Ross 1945, pp. 212–235〕 He brought the Frankish state face to face with the Slavs to the northeast and the Avars and Slavs to the southeast of the Frankish empire.〔 The Croats lived in Pannonian Croatia and Dalmatian Croatia (Littoral Croatia) to the southeast of the Frankish Empire. Dalmatian Croatia was ruled by Duke Višeslav, one of the first known Croatian dukes.〔Fine 1991, p. 296〕 While fighting the Avars, the Franks called for Slavic-Croatian support.〔 Croatian Prince Vojnomir of Pannonian Croatia launched a joint counterattack with the help of Frankish troops under Charlemagne in 791.〔Dvornik 1959, p. 69〕 The offensive was successful and the Avars were driven out of Croatia.〔 In return for the help of Charlemagne, Vojnomir was obliged to recognize Frankish sovereignty, convert to Christianity, and have his territory named Pannonian Croatia.〔 Charlemagne again campaigned against the Avars and won a major victory in 796.〔Fine 1991, p. 257〕 Prince Vojnomir aided him, and the Franks became overlords of the Croatians of northern Dalmatia, Slavonia, and Pannonia.〔 The Franks placed Pannonian Croats under Eric, the margrave of Friuli, who then tried to extend his rule over the Croatians of Dalmatia.〔Fine 1991, p. 252〕 The conquest of Istria by the Franks brought the realm of Charlemagne adjacent to Dalmatia.〔Bury 2008, p. 329〕 Dalmatia at that time included both Roman cities and a Slavic-Croatian hinterland that was loosely subject to the rule of the Byzantine Empire.〔 In the treaty of 798, the Franks acknowledged Byzantine rights over the Slavs, but in the following years both Croatian Župans (dukes) and Roman communities recognized an opportunity to win full independence from both Imperial powers.〔 As the eldest son of Gerold of Vinzgouw and as a high ranking Frankish commander, Eric was titled from 789 to his death the Duke of Friuli (''dux Foroiulensis''). He was appointed governor of Istria, Fruli, and neighbouring areas by Charlemagne. Eric wanted to extend his dominion by conquering Dalmatian Croatia.〔According to Denis Sinor, it is possible that Eric set his army to fight the Avars and was attacked by Croats at Trsat. (Sinor (1990), p. 219.)〕〔〔〔 In the autumn of 799, Eric marched from Istria along the seacoast of Liburnia towards the town of Trsat, which is today part of the city of Rijeka.〔Klaić 1985, pp. 63–64〕 Meanwhile his opponent, duke Višeslav, gathered his forces and moved north from his governing center at Nin.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Siege of Trsat」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|